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Numbers 1

1Yahweh spoke to Moses in the Sinai wilderness, in the tent of meeting, on the first day of the second month in the second year after they left the land of Egypt. He said,

2“Take a census of the whole congregation of the sons of Israel by their clans and ancestral houses, counting the names of every male, head by head.

3You and Aaron are to register them by their companies, everyone in Israel twenty years old and upward who can go out to war.

4One man from each tribe is to be with you, each the head of his ancestral house.

5These are the names of the men who are to stand with you: from Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur;

6from Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai;

7from Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab;

8from Issachar, Nethanel son of Zuar;

9from Zebulun, Eliab son of Helon;

10from the sons of Joseph: from Ephraim, Elishama son of Ammihud; from Manasseh, Gamaliel son of Pedahzur;

11from Benjamin, Abidan son of Gideoni;

12from Dan, Ahiezer son of Ammishaddai;

13from Asher, Pagiel son of Ochran;

14from Gad, Eliasaph son of Deuel;

15from Naphtali, Ahira son of Enan.”

16These were the men summoned from the congregation, the leaders of their ancestral tribes, the heads of Israel’s thousands.

17Moses and Aaron took these men who had been designated by name.

18They assembled the whole congregation on the first day of the second month. The people registered their descent by their clans and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward, head by head.

19As Yahweh had commanded Moses, he registered them in the Sinai wilderness.

20The sons of Reuben, Israel’s firstborn, were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting names head by head, every male twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

21Those registered from the tribe of Reuben were 46,500.

22The sons of Simeon were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, those registered by name, head by head, every male twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

23Those registered from the tribe of Simeon were 59,300.

24The sons of Gad were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

25Those registered from the tribe of Gad were 45,650.

26The sons of Judah were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

27Those registered from the tribe of Judah were 74,600.

28The sons of Issachar were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

29Those registered from the tribe of Issachar were 54,400.

30The sons of Zebulun were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

31Those registered from the tribe of Zebulun were 57,400.

32The sons of Joseph: the sons of Ephraim were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

33Those registered from the tribe of Ephraim were 40,500.

34The sons of Manasseh were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

35Those registered from the tribe of Manasseh were 32,200.

36The sons of Benjamin were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

37Those registered from the tribe of Benjamin were 35,400.

38The sons of Dan were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

39Those registered from the tribe of Dan were 62,700.

40The sons of Asher were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

41Those registered from the tribe of Asher were 41,500.

42The sons of Naphtali were listed by their descent, clans, and ancestral houses, counting the names of those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war.

43Those registered from the tribe of Naphtali were 53,400.

44These are those whom Moses and Aaron registered with the leaders of Israel, twelve men, each representing his ancestral house.

45All the sons of Israel registered by their ancestral houses were those twenty years old and upward who could go out to war in Israel.

46The total registered was 603,550.

47But the Levites, by their ancestral tribe, were not registered among them.

48Yahweh spoke to Moses:

49“Only the tribe of Levi you must not register. Do not take their census among the sons of Israel.

50Instead, appoint the Levites over the dwelling of the testimony, all its equipment, and everything belonging to it. They are to carry the dwelling and all its equipment, attend to it, and camp around it.

51When the dwelling sets out, the Levites are to take it down; when it encamps, the Levites are to set it up. An unauthorized person who approaches must be put to death.

52The sons of Israel are to camp, each in his own camp and each under his own standard, by their companies.

53But the Levites are to camp around the dwelling of the testimony so that wrath does not fall on the congregation of the sons of Israel. The Levites are to keep charge of the dwelling of the testimony.”

54The sons of Israel did everything Yahweh commanded Moses; that is what they did.

Translation notes 4

1:2–3 — Who is counted. “Sons of Israel” names Israel collectively; this census specifically counts males twenty and older for military service. Clans and ancestral houses are subdivisions of tribes. “Head by head” is the Hebrew way of counting individuals.

1:14, 16 — Names and readings. The Hebrew here names Deuel; 2:14 reads Reuel. Both forms are retained. In verse 16 the recorded reading tradition has “summoned,” alongside a differently spelled written form.

1:16, 46 — Thousands and totals. The Hebrew word for “thousand” can also designate a social or military unit. The translation retains the numerical reading and the stated total, 603,550; proposals to reconstruct much smaller armies remain disputed.

1:50–53 — Sacred responsibility. The “testimony” is associated with the covenant tablets. The outsider here is someone unauthorized for the assigned sacred duty, not simply a foreigner. The death penalty and threatened wrath are explicit in the source.